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→Disassembly
avr-objdump -m avr -D bootloader.hex > disassembly.txt
</pre>
and open <code>disassembly.txt</code>. If you know what to look for, you should find a snippet that looks something like:<pre> 376: 89 91 ld r24, Y+ 378: 0e 94 06 02 call 0x40c ; 0x40c 37c: f0 e2 ldi r31, 0x20 ; 32 37e: cf 37 cpi r28, 0x7F ; 127 380: df 07 cpc r29, r31 382: c9 f7 brne .-14 ; 0x376</pre>This is our printing loop in assembly. It has the following steps in it:* Look at the address <code>Y</code> and put the contents into <code>r24</code>. Increase the address stored in <code>Y</code>. (This is the <code>i++</code> in the loop.)* Call the function in location <code>0x40c</code>. Presumably, this is the location of the <code>putch()</code> function.* Compare <code>r28</code> and <code>r29</code> to <code>0x7F</code> and <code>0x20</code>. Unless they're equal, go back to the top of the loop.There's one quirk to notice in this code. In the C source, the for loop checks whether <code>i < ascii_idx</code>. However, in the assembly code, the check is effectively whether <code>i == ascii_idx</code>! This is even easier to glitch - as long as we can break past the <code>brne</code> instruction ''once'', we'll get to the data buffer.
= Attack Script & Results =
