Tutorial B2 Viewing Instruction Power Differences

This tutorial has been updated for ChipWhisperer 4.0.0 release. If you are using 3.x.x see the "V3" link in the sidebar.

B2: Viewing Instruction Power Differences
Target Architecture	XMEGA
Hardware Crypto	No
Software Release	V3 / V4 / V5

This tutorial will introduce you to measuring the power consumption of a device under attack. It will demonstrate how you can view the difference between a 'add' instruction and a 'mul' instruction.

Prerequisites

You should have already completed Tutorial_B1_Building_a_SimpleSerial_Project. This tutorial assumes you are capable of building firmware for the target, programming the code, and connecting to the ChipWhisperer.

Setting Up the Example

1. Like with the previous tutorial, you'll need to have a copy of the firmware you want to modify and be able to build for your platform. The instructions are repeated in the drop down menus below, but if you're comfortable with the previous example, feel free to skip them. Alternatively, if you're not too attached to your code, you can just modify your firmware from Tutorial B1 Building a SimpleSerial Project.

Building the Basic Example

Building for CWLite with XMEGA Target



You'll need to have installed avr-gcc and avr-libc. You may have already done this by following the installation guide, or if using the ChipWhisperer-VM it comes prepared with avr-gcc already setup. See the Installing_ChipWhisperer guide for details.

Once you have a working compiler (check by typing 'avr-gcc' at the command line - if using Windows you may need to setup a special batch file to provide you with a avr-gcc command prompt).

1. We want to use the existing SimpleSerial firmware as a base for our project, but we don't want to edit the existing firmware. Instead, we'll make a new project with a copy of this firmware. Copy the directory of the firmware you want to modify in the chipwhisperer/hardware/vicitims/firmware to a new folder. The folder you copy will depend on what tutorial you're doing. Typically, the firmware you want to use is listed above the "Building for ..." drop down menus in this wiki. The name is arbitrary, but for this example, we'll call it simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER (though depending on what firmware and tutorial you're working off of, you may want to call it something different). You must keep it in the same directory, as it will reference other files within that directory for the build process.
2. Open a terminal with avr-gcc in the path. If using Windows the sidebar on the Installing_ChipWhisperer page - you can either add WinAVR to your system path, or you can run the 'winavr.bat' file suggested.

3. Change the terminal to the newly copied directory. For example:

   Windows:

   cd c:\chipwhisperer\hardware\victims\firmware\simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER

   Linux/macOS:

   cd chipwhisperer/hardware/victims/firmware/simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER

4. Then, run make to build the system. Make sure you specify which platform you're using as your target. For example, for the ChipWhisperer Lite target, run

   make PLATFORM=CW303

   Which should have the following output:

   ...Bunch of lines removed...
   Creating Extended Listing: simpleserial-base.lss
   avr-objdump -h -S -z simpleserial-base.elf > simpleserial-base.lss
   
   Creating Symbol Table: simpleserial-base.sym
   avr-nm -n simpleserial-base.elf > simpleserial-base.sym
   
   Size after:
   AVR Memory Usage
   ----------------
   Device: atxmega128d3
   
   Program:    1524 bytes (1.1% Full)
   (.text + .data + .bootloader)
   
   Data:        224 bytes (2.7% Full)
   (.data + .bss + .noinit)
   
   
   Built for platform CW-Lite XMEGA
   
   -------- end --------

Ensure that the "Built for platform ___" matches your target device.

=== Building for CWLite with XMEGA Target === You'll need to have installed avr-gcc and avr-libc. You may have already done this by following the installation guide, or if using the ChipWhisperer-VM it comes prepared with avr-gcc already setup. See the Installing_ChipWhisperer guide for details.

Once you have a working compiler (check by typing 'avr-gcc' at the command line - if using Windows you may need to setup a special batch file to provide you with a avr-gcc command prompt).

1. We want to use the existing SimpleSerial firmware as a base for our project, but we don't want to edit the existing firmware. Instead, we'll make a new project with a copy of this firmware. Copy the directory of the firmware you want to modify in the chipwhisperer/hardware/vicitims/firmware to a new folder. The folder you copy will depend on what tutorial you're doing. Typically, the firmware you want to use is listed above the "Building for ..." drop down menus in this wiki. The name is arbitrary, but for this example, we'll call it simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER (though depending on what firmware and tutorial you're working off of, you may want to call it something different). You must keep it in the same directory, as it will reference other files within that directory for the build process.
2. Open a terminal with avr-gcc in the path. If using Windows the sidebar on the Installing_ChipWhisperer page - you can either add WinAVR to your system path, or you can run the 'winavr.bat' file suggested.

3. Change the terminal to the newly copied directory. For example:

   Windows:

   cd c:\chipwhisperer\hardware\victims\firmware\simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER

   Linux/macOS:

   cd chipwhisperer/hardware/victims/firmware/simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER

4. Then, run make to build the system. Make sure you specify which platform you're using as your target. For example, for the ChipWhisperer Lite target, run

   make PLATFORM=CW303

   Which should have the following output:

   ...Bunch of lines removed...
   Creating Extended Listing: simpleserial-base.lss
   avr-objdump -h -S -z simpleserial-base.elf > simpleserial-base.lss
   
   Creating Symbol Table: simpleserial-base.sym
   avr-nm -n simpleserial-base.elf > simpleserial-base.sym
   
   Size after:
   AVR Memory Usage
   ----------------
   Device: atxmega128d3
   
   Program:    1524 bytes (1.1% Full)
   (.text + .data + .bootloader)
   
   Data:        224 bytes (2.7% Full)
   (.data + .bss + .noinit)
   
   
   Built for platform CW-Lite XMEGA
   
   -------- end --------

Ensure that the "Built for platform ___" matches your target device.




Building for CWLite with Arm Target



You'll need to have installed the GNU Embedded Toolchain for ARM. If you haven't yet, see the Installing_ChipWhisperer guide, specifically the Installing ARM Toolchain section, for details.

Once you have a working compiler (check by typing 'arm-none-eabi-gcc' at the command line).

1. We want to use the existing SimpleSerial firmware as a base for our project, but we don't want to edit the existing firmware. Instead, we'll make a new project with a copy of this firmware. Copy the directory of the firmware you want to modify in the chipwhisperer/hardware/vicitims/firmware to a new folder. The folder you copy will depend on what tutorial you're doing. Typically, the firmware you want to use is listed above the "Building for ..." drop down menus in this tutorial. The name is arbitrary, but for this example, we'll call it simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER (though depending on what firmware and tutorial you're working off of, you may want to call it something different). You must keep it in the same directory, as it will reference other files within that directory for the build process.
2. Open a terminal with arm-none-eabi-gcc in the path. If using Windows the sidebar on the Installing_ChipWhisperer page

3. Change the terminal to the newly copied directory. For example:

   Windows:

   cd c:\chipwhisperer\hardware\victims\firmware\simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER

   Linux/macOS:

   cd chipwhisperer/hardware/victims/firmware/simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER

4. Then, run make to build the system. Make sure you specify which platform you're using as your target. For example, for the ChipWhisperer Lite target, run

   make PLATFORM=CWLITEARM CRYPTO_TARGET=TINYAES128C

   Which should have the following output:

   ...Bunch of lines removed...
   Linking: simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf
   arm-none-eabi-gcc -mcpu=cortex-m4 -I. -mthumb -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=fpv4-sp-d16 -fmessage-length=0 -ffunction-sections -gdwarf-2 -DSS_VER=SS_VER_1_1 -DSTM32F303xC -DSTM32F3 -DSTM32 -DDEBUG -DHAL_TYPE=HAL_stm32f3 -DPLATFORM=CWLITEARM -DTINYAES128C -DF_CPU=7372800UL -Os -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fshort-enums -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Wa,-adhlns=objdir/simpleserial-base.o -I.././simpleserial/ -I.././hal -I.././hal/stm32f3 -I.././hal/stm32f3/CMSIS -I.././hal/stm32f3/CMSIS/core -I.././hal/stm32f3/CMSIS/device -I.././hal/stm32f4/Legacy -I.././crypto/ -I.././crypto/tiny-AES128-C -std=gnu99 -MMD -MP -MF .dep/simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf.d objdir/simpleserial-base.o objdir/simpleserial.o objdir/stm32f3_hal.o objdir/stm32f3_hal_lowlevel.o objdir/stm32f3_sysmem.o objdir/aes.o objdir/aes-independant.o objdir/stm32f3_startup.o --output simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf --specs=nano.specs -T .././hal/stm32f3/LinkerScript.ld -Wl,--gc-sections -lm -Wl,-Map=simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.map,--cref   -lm
   .
   Creating load file for Flash: simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.hex
   arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O ihex -R .eeprom -R .fuse -R .lock -R .signature simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.hex
   .
   Creating load file for EEPROM: simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.eep
   arm-none-eabi-objcopy -j .eeprom --set-section-flags=.eeprom="alloc,load" \
           --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 --no-change-warnings -O ihex simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.eep || exit 0
   .
   Creating Extended Listing: simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.lss
   arm-none-eabi-objdump -h -S -z simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf > simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.lss
   .
   Creating Symbol Table: simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.sym
   arm-none-eabi-nm -n simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf > simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.sym
   Size after:
      text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
      4588       8    1296    5892    1704 simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf
   +--------------------------------------------------------
   + Built for platform CW-Lite Arm (STM32F3)
   +--------------------------------------------------------
   

Ensure that the "Built for platform ___" matches your target device.

=== Building for CWLite with Arm Target === You'll need to have installed the GNU Embedded Toolchain for ARM. If you haven't yet, see the Installing_ChipWhisperer guide, specifically the Installing ARM Toolchain section, for details.

Once you have a working compiler (check by typing 'arm-none-eabi-gcc' at the command line).

1. We want to use the existing SimpleSerial firmware as a base for our project, but we don't want to edit the existing firmware. Instead, we'll make a new project with a copy of this firmware. Copy the directory of the firmware you want to modify in the chipwhisperer/hardware/vicitims/firmware to a new folder. The folder you copy will depend on what tutorial you're doing. Typically, the firmware you want to use is listed above the "Building for ..." drop down menus in this tutorial. The name is arbitrary, but for this example, we'll call it simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER (though depending on what firmware and tutorial you're working off of, you may want to call it something different). You must keep it in the same directory, as it will reference other files within that directory for the build process.
2. Open a terminal with arm-none-eabi-gcc in the path. If using Windows the sidebar on the Installing_ChipWhisperer page

3. Change the terminal to the newly copied directory. For example:

   Windows:

   cd c:\chipwhisperer\hardware\victims\firmware\simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER

   Linux/macOS:

   cd chipwhisperer/hardware/victims/firmware/simpleserial-LAB-SPECIFIC-FOLDER

4. Then, run make to build the system. Make sure you specify which platform you're using as your target. For example, for the ChipWhisperer Lite target, run

   make PLATFORM=CWLITEARM CRYPTO_TARGET=TINYAES128C

   Which should have the following output:

   ...Bunch of lines removed...
   Linking: simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf
   arm-none-eabi-gcc -mcpu=cortex-m4 -I. -mthumb -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=fpv4-sp-d16 -fmessage-length=0 -ffunction-sections -gdwarf-2 -DSS_VER=SS_VER_1_1 -DSTM32F303xC -DSTM32F3 -DSTM32 -DDEBUG -DHAL_TYPE=HAL_stm32f3 -DPLATFORM=CWLITEARM -DTINYAES128C -DF_CPU=7372800UL -Os -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fshort-enums -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Wa,-adhlns=objdir/simpleserial-base.o -I.././simpleserial/ -I.././hal -I.././hal/stm32f3 -I.././hal/stm32f3/CMSIS -I.././hal/stm32f3/CMSIS/core -I.././hal/stm32f3/CMSIS/device -I.././hal/stm32f4/Legacy -I.././crypto/ -I.././crypto/tiny-AES128-C -std=gnu99 -MMD -MP -MF .dep/simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf.d objdir/simpleserial-base.o objdir/simpleserial.o objdir/stm32f3_hal.o objdir/stm32f3_hal_lowlevel.o objdir/stm32f3_sysmem.o objdir/aes.o objdir/aes-independant.o objdir/stm32f3_startup.o --output simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf --specs=nano.specs -T .././hal/stm32f3/LinkerScript.ld -Wl,--gc-sections -lm -Wl,-Map=simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.map,--cref   -lm
   .
   Creating load file for Flash: simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.hex
   arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O ihex -R .eeprom -R .fuse -R .lock -R .signature simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.hex
   .
   Creating load file for EEPROM: simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.eep
   arm-none-eabi-objcopy -j .eeprom --set-section-flags=.eeprom="alloc,load" \
           --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 --no-change-warnings -O ihex simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.eep || exit 0
   .
   Creating Extended Listing: simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.lss
   arm-none-eabi-objdump -h -S -z simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf > simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.lss
   .
   Creating Symbol Table: simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.sym
   arm-none-eabi-nm -n simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf > simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.sym
   Size after:
      text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
      4588       8    1296    5892    1704 simpleserial-base-CWLITEARM.elf
   +--------------------------------------------------------
   + Built for platform CW-Lite Arm (STM32F3)
   +--------------------------------------------------------
   

Ensure that the "Built for platform ___" matches your target device.




Building for Other Targets



Building for other targets typically requires additional programs and tools. Additionally, some targets may have a unique build process, meaning the instructions here will not apply to them. Please see the page for the specific target you want to build for before following these instructions, which can be found under the Hardware Documentation section of the Main Page.

Once you have a working compiler:

1. We want to use the existing SimpleSerial firmware as a base for our project, but we don't want to edit the existing firmware. Instead, we'll make a new project with a copy of this firmware. Copy the directory of the firmware you want to modify in the chipwhisperer/hardware/vicitims/firmware to a new folder. The folder you copy will depend on what tutorial you're doing. Typically, the firmware you want to use is listed above the "Building for ..." drop down menus. The name is arbitrary, but for this example, we'll call it simpleserial-base-lab1 (though depending on what firmware and tutorial you're working off of, you may want to call it something different). You must keep it in the same directory, as it will reference other files within that directory for the build process.

2. Change the terminal to the newly copied directory. For example:

   Windows:

   cd c:\chipwhisperer\hardware\victims\firmware\simpleserial-base-lab1

   Linux/macOS:

   cd chipwhisperer/hardware/victims/firmware/simpleserial-base-lab1

3. Then, run make to build the system. Make sure you specify which platform you're using as your target. You can see a list of supported targets by typing make PLATFORM=. You'll also need to specify a CRYPTO_TARGET. Most targets and tutorials work with TINYAES128C, so if you're unsure, this is usually a reliable option. For example, for the NXP Kinetis K24F target, run:

   make PLATFORM=CW308_K24F CRYPTO_TARGET=TINYAES128C

   Which should have the following output:

   ...Bunch of lines removed...
   Linking: simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf
   arm-none-eabi-gcc  -I. -O0 -g -DDEBUG -DCPU_MK24FN1M0VLL12 -DFRDM_K64F -DFREEDOM -w -fno-common -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -ffreestanding -fno-builtin  -mthumb -mapcs -std=gnu99 -mcpu=cortex-m4 -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=fpv4-sp-d16 -MMD -MP -static  -gdwarf-2 -DSS_VER=SS_VER_1_1 -DHAL_TYPE=HAL_k24f -DPLATFORM=CW308_K24F -DTINYAES128C -DF_CPU=7372800UL -Os -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fshort-enums -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Wa,-adhlns=objdir/simpleserial-base.o -I.././simpleserial/ -I.././hal -I.././hal/k24f -I.././hal/k24f/CMSIS -I.././hal/k24f/Drivers -I.././crypto/ -I.././crypto/tiny-AES128-C -std=gnu99 -MMD -MP -MF .dep/simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf.d objdir/simpleserial-base.o objdir/simpleserial.o objdir/clock_config.o objdir/fsl_adc16.o objdir/fsl_clock.o objdir/fsl_cmp.o objdir/fsl_cmt.o objdir/fsl_common.o objdir/fsl_crc.o objdir/fsl_dac.o objdir/fsl_dmamux.o objdir/fsl_dspi.o objdir/fsl_dspi_edma.o objdir/fsl_edma.o objdir/fsl_ewm.o objdir/fsl_flash.o objdir/fsl_flexbus.o objdir/fsl_flexcan.o objdir/fsl_ftm.o objdir/fsl_gpio.o objdir/fsl_i2c.o objdir/fsl_i2c_edma.o objdir/fsl_llwu.o objdir/fsl_lptmr.o objdir/fsl_mmcau.o objdir/fsl_pdb.o objdir/fsl_pit.o objdir/fsl_pmc.o objdir/fsl_rcm.o objdir/fsl_rnga.o objdir/fsl_rtc.o objdir/fsl_sai.o objdir/fsl_sai_edma.o objdir/fsl_sdhc.o objdir/fsl_sim.o objdir/fsl_smc.o objdir/fsl_sysmpu.o objdir/fsl_uart.o objdir/fsl_uart_edma.o objdir/fsl_vref.o objdir/fsl_wdog.o objdir/k24f_hal.o objdir/system_MK24F12.o objdir/aes.o objdir/aes-independant.o objdir/startup_MK24F12.o --output simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf -Xlinker --gc-sections -Xlinker -static -Xlinker -z -Xlinker muldefs -T .././hal/k24f/MK24FN1M0xxx12_flash.ld  --specs=nano.specs --specs=nosys.specs -Wl,--start-group -L .././hal/k24f/ -l:lib_mmcau.a -lm -lc -lgcc -lnosys -Wl,--end-group  -Wl,-Map=simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.map,--cref   -lm
   .
   Creating load file for Flash: simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.hex
   arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O ihex -R .eeprom -R .fuse -R .lock -R .signature simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.hex
   .
   Creating load file for EEPROM: simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.eep
   arm-none-eabi-objcopy -j .eeprom --set-section-flags=.eeprom="alloc,load" \
           --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 --no-change-warnings -O ihex simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.eep || exit 0
   .
   Creating Extended Listing: simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.lss
   arm-none-eabi-objdump -h -S -z simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf > simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.lss
   .
   Creating Symbol Table: simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.sym
   arm-none-eabi-nm -n simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf > simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.sym
   Size after:
      text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
     11600     120    2388   14108    371c simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf
   +--------------------------------------------------------
   + Built for platform k24f Target
   +--------------------------------------------------------
   

Ensure that the "Built for platform ___" matches your target device.

=== Building for Other Targets === Building for other targets typically requires additional programs and tools. Additionally, some targets may have a unique build process, meaning the instructions here will not apply to them. Please see the page for the specific target you want to build for before following these instructions, which can be found under the Hardware Documentation section of the Main Page.

Once you have a working compiler:

1. We want to use the existing SimpleSerial firmware as a base for our project, but we don't want to edit the existing firmware. Instead, we'll make a new project with a copy of this firmware. Copy the directory of the firmware you want to modify in the chipwhisperer/hardware/vicitims/firmware to a new folder. The folder you copy will depend on what tutorial you're doing. Typically, the firmware you want to use is listed above the "Building for ..." drop down menus. The name is arbitrary, but for this example, we'll call it simpleserial-base-lab1 (though depending on what firmware and tutorial you're working off of, you may want to call it something different). You must keep it in the same directory, as it will reference other files within that directory for the build process.

2. Change the terminal to the newly copied directory. For example:

   Windows:

   cd c:\chipwhisperer\hardware\victims\firmware\simpleserial-base-lab1

   Linux/macOS:

   cd chipwhisperer/hardware/victims/firmware/simpleserial-base-lab1

3. Then, run make to build the system. Make sure you specify which platform you're using as your target. You can see a list of supported targets by typing make PLATFORM=. You'll also need to specify a CRYPTO_TARGET. Most targets and tutorials work with TINYAES128C, so if you're unsure, this is usually a reliable option. For example, for the NXP Kinetis K24F target, run:

   make PLATFORM=CW308_K24F CRYPTO_TARGET=TINYAES128C

   Which should have the following output:

   ...Bunch of lines removed...
   Linking: simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf
   arm-none-eabi-gcc  -I. -O0 -g -DDEBUG -DCPU_MK24FN1M0VLL12 -DFRDM_K64F -DFREEDOM -w -fno-common -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -ffreestanding -fno-builtin  -mthumb -mapcs -std=gnu99 -mcpu=cortex-m4 -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=fpv4-sp-d16 -MMD -MP -static  -gdwarf-2 -DSS_VER=SS_VER_1_1 -DHAL_TYPE=HAL_k24f -DPLATFORM=CW308_K24F -DTINYAES128C -DF_CPU=7372800UL -Os -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fshort-enums -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Wa,-adhlns=objdir/simpleserial-base.o -I.././simpleserial/ -I.././hal -I.././hal/k24f -I.././hal/k24f/CMSIS -I.././hal/k24f/Drivers -I.././crypto/ -I.././crypto/tiny-AES128-C -std=gnu99 -MMD -MP -MF .dep/simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf.d objdir/simpleserial-base.o objdir/simpleserial.o objdir/clock_config.o objdir/fsl_adc16.o objdir/fsl_clock.o objdir/fsl_cmp.o objdir/fsl_cmt.o objdir/fsl_common.o objdir/fsl_crc.o objdir/fsl_dac.o objdir/fsl_dmamux.o objdir/fsl_dspi.o objdir/fsl_dspi_edma.o objdir/fsl_edma.o objdir/fsl_ewm.o objdir/fsl_flash.o objdir/fsl_flexbus.o objdir/fsl_flexcan.o objdir/fsl_ftm.o objdir/fsl_gpio.o objdir/fsl_i2c.o objdir/fsl_i2c_edma.o objdir/fsl_llwu.o objdir/fsl_lptmr.o objdir/fsl_mmcau.o objdir/fsl_pdb.o objdir/fsl_pit.o objdir/fsl_pmc.o objdir/fsl_rcm.o objdir/fsl_rnga.o objdir/fsl_rtc.o objdir/fsl_sai.o objdir/fsl_sai_edma.o objdir/fsl_sdhc.o objdir/fsl_sim.o objdir/fsl_smc.o objdir/fsl_sysmpu.o objdir/fsl_uart.o objdir/fsl_uart_edma.o objdir/fsl_vref.o objdir/fsl_wdog.o objdir/k24f_hal.o objdir/system_MK24F12.o objdir/aes.o objdir/aes-independant.o objdir/startup_MK24F12.o --output simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf -Xlinker --gc-sections -Xlinker -static -Xlinker -z -Xlinker muldefs -T .././hal/k24f/MK24FN1M0xxx12_flash.ld  --specs=nano.specs --specs=nosys.specs -Wl,--start-group -L .././hal/k24f/ -l:lib_mmcau.a -lm -lc -lgcc -lnosys -Wl,--end-group  -Wl,-Map=simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.map,--cref   -lm
   .
   Creating load file for Flash: simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.hex
   arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O ihex -R .eeprom -R .fuse -R .lock -R .signature simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.hex
   .
   Creating load file for EEPROM: simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.eep
   arm-none-eabi-objcopy -j .eeprom --set-section-flags=.eeprom="alloc,load" \
           --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 --no-change-warnings -O ihex simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.eep || exit 0
   .
   Creating Extended Listing: simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.lss
   arm-none-eabi-objdump -h -S -z simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf > simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.lss
   .
   Creating Symbol Table: simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.sym
   arm-none-eabi-nm -n simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf > simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.sym
   Size after:
      text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
     11600     120    2388   14108    371c simpleserial-base-CW308_K24F.elf
   +--------------------------------------------------------
   + Built for platform k24f Target
   +--------------------------------------------------------
   

Ensure that the "Built for platform ___" matches your target device.

Modifying the Basic Example

At this point we want to modify the system to perform a number of operations. We won't actually use the input data. To do so, open the file simpleserial-base.c with a text editor such as Programmer's Notepad (which ships with WinAVR).

Find the following code block towards the end of the file, which may look different if you just completed Tutorial_B1_Building_a_SimpleSerial_Project.

/**********************************
 * Start user-specific code here. */
trigger_high();

//16 hex bytes held in 'pt' were sent
//from the computer. Store your response
//back into 'pt', which will send 16 bytes
//back to computer. Can ignore of course if
//not needed

trigger_low();
/* End user-specific code here. *
 ********************************/

Modify it to do some work with no-ops and multiplication instructions:

/**********************************
 * Start user-specific code here. */
trigger_high();

//16 hex bytes held in 'pt' were sent
//from the computer. Store your response
//back into 'pt', which will send 16 bytes
//back to computer. Can ignore of course if
//not needed

asm volatile(
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
::
);

asm volatile(
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"          
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
::
);

trigger_low();
/* End user-specific code here. *
 ********************************/

Change the terminal to the directory with your source, and run the same make command you did in earlier to build the system. Remember you can press the up arrow on the keyboard to get recently typed commands in most OSes:

make PLATFORM=CW303

Following the instructions given in Tutorial_B1_Building_a_SimpleSerial_Project, program the AVR, XMEGA, or STM32 (ARM) with your new code. Note you __do not__ need to close the programming window. If you will be doing frequent modifications to the source code, this can simplify your life since you only need to hit the Program button in AVRStudio to download new code.

Ensure the hardware is setup as in Tutorial_B1_Building_a_SimpleSerial_Project. If using the CW1002, ensure the SMA cable is also connected as described in the previous tutorial.

Capturing Power Traces

The basic steps to connect to the ChipWhisperer device are described in Tutorial_B1_Building_a_SimpleSerial_Project. They are repeated here as well, however see Tutorial_B1_Building_a_SimpleSerial_Project for pictures & mode details.

1. Start ChipWhisperer-Capture
2. Under the Python Console tab, find the connect_cwlite_simpleserial.py script and double-click.
3. Check there are no errors on the connection.
4. Under the Python Console tab, find the setup_cwlite_xmega.py script and double-click.
5. Both the Target & Scope should switch to CON and be green circles.
6. Open the status monitor (Tools > Encryption Status Monitor).
7. Hit the Run 1 button. You may have to hit it a few times, as the very first serial data is often lost. You should see data populate in the Text Out field of the monitor window. The Text In and Text Out aren't actually used in this example, so you can close the Monitor dialog.

At this point you've completed the same amount of information as the previous tutorial. The following section describes how to setup the analog capture hardware, which is new (to you). The following is entirely done in the Scope Settings tab:

8. The ADC Freq should show 29.5 MHz (which is 4x 7.37 MHz), and the DCM Locked checkbox __MUST__ be checked. If the DCM Locked checkbox is NOT checked, try hitting the Reset ADC DCM button again.

9. At this point you can hit the Capture 1 button, and see if the system works! You should end up with a window looking like this:

   

   Whilst there is a waveform, you need to adjust the capture settings. There are two main settings of importance, the analog gain and number of samples to capture.

16. Under Gain Setting set the Mode to high. Increase the Gain Setting to about 25. You'll be able to adjust this further during experimentations, you may need to increase this depending on your hardware and target device.
17. Under Trigger Setup set the Total Samples to 500.
18. Try a few more Capture 1 traces, and you should see a 'zoomed-in' waveform.

Modifying the Target

Background on Setup

This tutorial is using either an AtMega328p which is an Atmel AVR device, or AtXMEGA128D4 which is an Atmel XMEGA device. We are comparing the power consumption of two different instructions, the MUL (multiply) instruction and the NOP (no operation) instruction. Some information on these two instructions:

mul

• Multiples two 8-bit numbers together.
• Takes 2 clock cycles to complete
• Intuitively expect fairly large power consumption due to complexity of operation required

nop

• Does nothing
• Takes 1 clock cycle to complete
• Intuitively expect low power consumption due to core doing nothing

Note that the capture clock is running at 4x the device clock. Thus a single mul instruction should span 8 samples on our output graph, since it takes 4 samples to cover a complete clock cycle.

Initial Code

The initial code has a power signature something like this (yours will vary based on various physical considerations, and depending if you are using an XMEGA or AVR device):

Note that the 10 mul instructions would be expected to take 80 samples to complete, and the 10 nop instructions should take 40 samples to complete. By modifying the code we can determine exactly which portion of the trace is corresponding to which operations.

Increase number of NOPs

We will then modify the code to have twenty NOP operations in a row instead of ten. The modified code looks like this:

/**********************************
 * Start user-specific code here. */
trigger_high();

asm volatile(
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
::
);

asm volatile(
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
::
);

asm volatile(
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"          
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
::
);

trigger_low();
/* End user-specific code here. *
 ********************************/

Note that the mul operation takes 2 clock cycles on the AVR, and the nop operation takes 1 clock cycles. Thus we expect to now see two areas of the power trace which appear to take approximately the same time. The resulting power trace looks like this:

Pay particular attention to the section between sample number 0 & sample number 180. It is in this section we can compare the two power graphs to see the modified code. We can actually 'see' the change in operation of the device! It would appear the nop is occuring from approximately 10-90, and the mul occuring from 90-170.

Add NOP loop after MUL

Finally, we will add 10 more NOPs after the 10 MULs. The code should look something like this:

/**********************************
 * Start user-specific code here. */
trigger_high();

asm volatile(
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
::
);

asm volatile(
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
::
);

asm volatile(
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"          
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
"mul r0,r1" "\n\t"
::
);

asm volatile(
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
"nop"       "\n\t"
::
);

trigger_low();
/* End user-specific code here. *
 ********************************/

With an output graph that looks like this:

Comparison of All Three

The following graph lines the three options up. One can see where adding loops of different operations shows up in the power consumption.

Clock Phase Adjustment

A final area of interest is the clock phase adjustment. The clock phase adjustment is used to shift the ADC sample clock from the actual device clock by small amounts. This will affect the appearance of the captured waveform, and in more advanced methods is used to improve the measurement.

The phase adjustment is found under the Phase Adjust option of the ADC Clock setting:

To see the effect this has, first consider an image of the power measured by a regular oscilloscope (at 1.25GS/s):

And the resulting waveforms for a variety of different phase shift settings:

The specifics of the capture are highly dependent on each ChipWhisperer board & target platform. The phase shift allows customization of the capture waveform for optimum performance, however what constitutes 'optimum performance' is highly dependent on the specifics of your algorithm.

Conclusion

In this tutorial you have learned how power analysis can tell you the operations being performed on a microcontroller. In future work we will move towards using this for breaking various forms of security on devices.

Links

Tutorials

See Tutorial Map for important information & suggested order of completion.

Theory

Correlation Power Analysis

Template Attacks

Extending AES-128 Attacks to AES-256

Basic Tutorials

Tutorial B1 Building a SimpleSerial Project

Tutorial B2 Viewing Instruction Power Differences

Tutorial B3-1 Timing Analysis with Power for Password Bypass

Tutorial B5 Breaking AES (Straightforward)

Tutorial B6 Breaking AES (Manual CPA Attack)

Tutorial B7 Profiling Attacks (with HW Assumption)

Tutorial B11 Breaking RSA

Advanced Tutorials

Tutorial A2 Introduction to Glitch Attacks (including Glitch Explorer)

Tutorial A3 VCC Glitch Attacks

Tutorial A5 Breaking AES-256 Bootloader

Tutorial A5-Bonus Breaking AES-256 Bootloader

Tutorial A7 Glitch Buffer Attacks

Tutorial A8 32bit AES

Hardware-Specific Tutorials

Tutorial P1 Stream Mode and Advanced Triggering (CW Pro)

Tutorial CW305-1 Building a Project

Tutorial CW305-2 Breaking AES on FPGA

Tutorial CW305-3 Clock Glitching

Tutorial CW305-4 Voltage Glitching with Crowbars

Archived Tutorials (v4/v3 only)

Tutorial B3-2 Timing Analysis with Power for Attacking TSB

Tutorial B4 Testing Two Partitions of Traces

Tutorial B5-2 Breaking DES (Straightforward)

Tutorial B8 Profiling Attacks (Manual Template Attack)

Tutorial B9 The Preprocessing Modules

Tutorial B10 Using with SASEBO-W CardOS or DPA Contest v4.2

Tutorial A1 Synchronization to Communication Lines

Tutorial A4 SAD Trigger for SCA and Glitch

Tutorial A6 Replication of Ilya Kizhvatov's XMEGA® Attack

Tutorial A9 Bypassing LPC1114 Read Protect